Hegemonic Masculinity in the Media - 1080 Words

Hegemonic masculinity can be defined as â€Å"the cultural idealized form of masculine character, which emphasizes the connecting of masculinity to toughness and competitiveness as well as the subordination of women and the marginalization of gay men† (Trujillo, 1991, p. 290). We live society were male dominance is the order of the day, from the family arena to the workplace, and in sports in which individuals with certain characteristics and attributes as seen as normal and the rest are termed as the â€Å"other†. This paper will focus on how hegemonic masculinity has been mediated through the media, by creating gender gaps. Furthermore, it is important to note that the media is important sources that orchestrate the perception of individuals in†¦show more content†¦Cooky, Messner, Hextrum indicated that the coverage of women’s sports is the lowest ever irrespective of the increased participation of girls and women in sports at high school collegiate a nd professional level (240). For instance KABC a Los Angeles televise new sports, spent less than 30secs of their sports segment covering the women’s U.S golf Opening on the LGPGA tour (240). Also the rare moments when women’s’ sports receives coverage from mainstream news media, the media trivializes women athleticism or reproduces a narrow stereotypical representation of female athleticism that draws sexist and/or racist ideologies (206). In their examination of print media they found that men were overrepresented in the sports newsroom (Cooky, Messner, Hextrum, 207). For instance, 94% of sports editors, 89% of copy editors, 89% of assistant sports editors, 87% of sports reporters and 88% of columnist are all male, the majority are white (207). However, this conveys the message that sports is for, by and about men. Trujillo, on the other hand, gave five features that depict hegemonic masculinity: physical force and control, occupational achievement, family hi erarchy, frontiermanship and heterosexuality (291). He proposed that history and dominant groups have successfully persuaded many Americans to believe that sports builds manly character and develop physical fitness, realizes justice and prepare young men for war (Trujillo,Show MoreRelatedHegemonic Masculinity Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagesthan not people get their ideas of masculinity from the shows and movies they watch throughout their lives. In the article Hegemonic masculinity in media contents, by Peter J. Kareithi, he focuses much more specifically on how the media has presented it to the public, and less of the why, and how it started. The paper by Connell and Messerschmidt, Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept, does a much better job at explaining the history of hegemonic masculinity and how it came to be. Though togetherRead MoreThe Theory Of The Glass Ceiling Metaphor Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pagesof research was hegemonic masculinity theory. Hegemonic masculinity began as a field study that sought to discuss masculinity and the experience of men’s bodies (Connell Messerschmidt, 2005). The theory developed from the premise of cultural hegemony that analyzes power relations among the social classes in a society (Connell Messerschmidt, 2005). The term hegemonic defines cultural dynamics of a social group that dominant position in a social hierarchy. Hegemonic masculinity theory is used acrossRead MoreMasculinity and Gender Roles1232 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped by and represented through popular cultural media such as advertisements, music, sports, and entertainment television (Soulliere 2006). The article â€Å"Wrestling with Masculinity: Messages about Manhood in the WWE† by Danielle M. Soulliere (2006), examines messages about manhood revealed by televised professional wrestling (Soulliere 1). Messages concerning masculinity and manhood were investigated and compared to the cultural version of masculin ity (Soulliere 2006). Soulliere’s research proves thatRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity : Characters And Plot Of The Popular Sitcom Two And A Half Men1720 Words   |  7 Pageshow the production of hegemonic masculinity and subordinate masculinity in the show reinforce the idea of hegemonic masculinity as the only real form of manliness accepted by society’s standards of an â€Å"ideal man.† Effeminate masculinity, a subordinate form of masculinity, is not represented in the show in a positive light rather, it is mocked. The characters that play these roles are Charlie, who plays the hyper masculine role, and Alan, who plays the effeminate masculinity role. Alan’s role is inferiorRead MoreSexuality, Identity And Media Audiences Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesMDIA 208 Media Audiences Faith Holloway 300314105 Sexuality, Identity and Media Audiences Drawing upon qualitative audience studies, this essay aims to discuss the extent to which sexuality plays a role in media audience’s identity construction. Furthermore, this essay argues that sexuality is significantly influenced by hegemonic discourse surrounding masculinity and heteronormativity. Foucault eludes to this idea nothing that both â€Å"†¦ the formation of identities and practices are related to, orRead MoreCriminalization Vs Criminalization982 Words   |  4 Pagespeople outside of the dominant social norms is labeled as a criminal, and is influenced by racism, sexism, and nationalism ideologies. In criminalization, laws are made to make certain bodies and acts criminal, and is a multi-step practice in which media representation helps shape popular views of criminal behavior and criminals. Examples are laws forbidding homosexuality and minimum sentencing for possession of drugs. A person can be criminalized for same-sex loving because it falls out of domi nantRead MoreMasculinity, Masculinity And Violence1728 Words   |  7 Pagesmany gender systems, masculinity is an expression of male gender that can vary based upon culture and society. Many cultures uphold a set of standards and expectations that an individual must maintain in order to be considered masculine. Several of these expectations can often be dangerous, violent, or even abusive. In particular with a focus on the two-sex, two-gender system of Western, patriarchal society, this paper will investigate the correlation between enforced masculinity and violence. AccordingRead MoreMasculinity Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesConstruction of Masculinity According to Connell, there are four masculinities present in our society: hegemonic, complicit, marginalized, and subordinate. Hegemonic masculinity is the dominant form of masculinity in society. It is culturally valued as the most type of masculinity. Connell states that the qualities of hegemonic masculinity include heterosexuality, whiteness, physical strength, and suppression of emotions. When men do not fit the characteristics of hegemonic masculinity but they do notRead MoreThe Representation Of Gender Masculinity1729 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough hegemonic constructions formed through colonisation. Due to being constructed by this dominant ideology, which in terms of a New Zealand context is Pakeha and male (Hegemony), the construction of masculinity appears natural. This hegemonic masculinity is so naturalised it becomes invisible and we don’t see or think about it. Law, R (1997) states that â€Å"The concept of hegemonic masculinity allows for us to theorise the s imultaneous existence of different constructions of masculinity, the socialRead MoreGender As A Primary Cultural Frame1517 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween women and men and placement in sex category is both relevant and enforced, doing gender is unavoidable† (West and Zimmerman 1987:137). By analyzing social media, we can see how pervasive gender identities are outside of physical social interactions. For my analysis, I decided to gather my data from one of the popular forms of social media, Facebook. One of the patterns found in the collected data was of the â€Å"fag discourse† in which homophobia is central to constructing masculine identity (Pascoe

The Corruption Of The World - 1098 Words

Corruption in society often stems from unbalanced power. Greek dramatist, Euripides uses his plays as ways to suggest that power is a large component in the corruption of man. In Euripidean tragedies, those who have the most to lose are often the ones that suffer the most. Such is the case in his plays, Trojan Women, Medea, and the Bacchae. Trojan Women begins with Athena and Poseidon discussing the Trojan War and Troy in its post-war state. Troy has been destroyed, the women and children enslaved, and the gods are not happy, despite Athena’s original support for the Greeks throughout the war. In their victory, the Greeks have managed to disgrace temples and corrupt sacred people. Athena, who was a major factor in the Greeks’ victory, is so outrage by the corruption and disrespect shown by the Greeks that she has now decided to ask Poseidon (who aided the Trojans) to help her â€Å"†¦do some evil to them† (73). This reconciliation between Athena and Poseidon shows the extent of the victors’ havoc. The Greeks are so proud of the power that they have acquired that they no longer feel the need to respect and fear the gods who helped them. Through this victory and discussion between the gods, Euripides can be understood as commenting on the Athenian victory at Melos, and the slaughter of its people that happened before the production of this play. The fate that Poseidon agrees to inflict upon the Greeks, â€Å"That mortal who sacks fallen cities is a fool if he gives the temples and theShow MoreRelatedIs Corruption A World Issue?1397 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch a global issue which, from our opinion was affecting the world and divulge as much of that information as possible to be able to share with the class as well as make an informed monologue about said topic. My topic of choice is corruption. â€Å"A world Issue can be defined as a situation or problem that occurs on a global scale that has long lasting impacts and requires a complex solution† (World Issues class 2015-2016). Corruption definitely occurs on a global scale. Not all of these instancesRead MoreTheme Of Corruption In Brave New World794 Words   |  4 PagesIn Brave New World, Aldous Huxley uses diction and specific details in order to convey a theme of a corrupt, brainwashed society that reflects the community during the era of the 1930s. During the 1930s, people were beginning to be taught to do what is â€Å"needed† in order to have a happy life. The individuals in Huxley’s Brave New World are â€Å"conditioned† to do the same thing. Whether these actions include using drugs, being sexually active, or providing a predestined life for each individual. The societyRead MoreThe World Bank s Anti Corruption Policy Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion of whether the World Bank’s Anti-Corruption policy can be improved through the adaption of a Political Economy Analysis (PEA) framework. Since John Wolfensohn, then President of the World Bank, addressed the ‘cancer of corruption’ as a major impediment to growth in 1996 the World Bank has adopted a mounting concern over corruption. Today, the Bank’s fixation on corruption incorporates concerns over ‘good governance’, particularly in underdeveloped countries. Corruption and governance are politicalRead MoreCorruption Of Somalia After World War II1817 Words   |  8 Pages CORRUPTION IN SOMALIA FINAL GRADUATE PAPER Mohammad mohammad Brief geography and history In the late 1800’s, European colonialism came to Somalia. Especially in areas away from the coast, they fought in a fierce way. In the end, most of Somalia came to be under the control of Britain, France or Italy. World War II brought about further fighting in the region, as Somalia’s ocean access is strategic. After World War IIRead MorePolice Corruption Is Very Common All Over The World934 Words   |  4 Pages Police corruption is very common all over the world. Although corruption exists in other professions it hardly is ever brought up in the spotlight. Police corruption is defined as the social contract being broken by police officers for personal and professional gains. Along with corruption come disloyalty, low morale, lies and toxic employees. There are numerous reports circulating as to why police corruption occurs. Corruption can also include brutality from police officers. There are two typesRead MoreEssay on Ethics and Corruption in Governments Around the World1384 Words   |  6 Pageswhich one can decide what actions are permissible and what actions are not. Government ethics constitutes the application of ethical rules and norms to the government. It covers issues of honesty and transparency in government, political corruption, police corruption, bribery, legislative ethics, regulatory ethics, conflict of interest, avoiding the appearance of impropriety, open government, and legal ethics. In India, bureaucracy is arranged in a way that people can move up the ladder only on theRead MoreCorruption Perception Index World Wide Ranking Map1561 Words   |  7 Pages Corruption Perception Index world wide ranking map Figure 1 : CPI, Corruption Perception Index Figure 2 : Countries 1 to 95 Rank Figure 3 : Countries 95 to 182 Rank As shown in the Corruption perception Index ranking China ranks at 75 vs Mexico 100 Mexico Employment Mexican work law perceives and ensures the fundamental unalienable privileges of Employees, controls manager worker relations, and sets up the working conditions for workers. The Federal Labor Law (FLL) characterizes aRead MoreHow Corruption Affects The Public And Private Sectors Of Our World1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Corruption is a multidimensional phenomenon with numerous causes and effects in the public and private sectors of our world. This dark trend has no boundaries, it is found in every country ranging from the economic leaders down to the least developed nations. The official definition given for corruption by Transparency International is â€Å"the abuse of entrusted power for private gain† (TI). The problem of corruption has been seen either as a structural problem of politics and economicsRead MoreSocial Media Is Bad For The Teenager Aspect Of Life By Causing World Corruption1549 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media is bad for the teenager aspect of life by causing world corruption in many ways. 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Administration considerations for reliable and valid assessments Free Essays

Reliability and validity in assessment are of crucial importance.   Issues in administration can have a significant impact on the reliability and validity of assessment results and the inferences that are made about students’ performance based on these results. It is essential therefore that proper techniques of administration be adopted in ensuring that the integrity of assessments is preserved and that the inference made about students’ performance are indeed reliable and valid. We will write a custom essay sample on Administration considerations for reliable and valid assessments or any similar topic only for you Order Now Administration considerations will differ based on the nature of the assessment, whether it is formal or informal. For formal assessments there are usually pre-established guidelines for the examiner to oversee the administration of the assessment instrument. It is important that the examiner familiarize him/herself with the proper techniques of administering the specific test so that the reliability and validity of the test can be ensured and preserved. While the assessment may not require formal training to develop competence the test administrator must understand the protocols of the test, understand what is expected of the students, and follow correct and exact procedures during test administration to ensure that equal and fair conditions are provided for all students. McLoughlin and Lewis (2005) caution that â€Å"measures administered by untrained testers produce highly questionable results that must be considered invalid† ( p. 90). It is therefore essential that examiners are comfortable with all exam procedures and follow these explicitly to avoid invalidating the results produced from such tests. Additionally the tester must also be sensitive to the needs of the students during assessment. The examiner cannot â€Å"praise, prompt or give information† (McLoughlin Lewis, 2005, p. 94). Examiners must understand correct protocol during test administration. Certain practices should be avoided. The examiner should refrain from confirming or correcting (McLoughlin Lewis, 2005, p. 95) students’ responses during the test as well as they should avoid coaching students in order to elicit correct responses. Depending on the purpose and nature of the test the examiner may be permitted to repeat oral items for students. The examiner should also encourage students to complete or respond to all items on the test and may use questioning during tests to encourage students to respond to items. Evidently the ability of the tester to adequately preside over the test is a very critical issue in ensuring that test results are valid and reliable. The test administrator sets the pace and the outcome of the test pivots around his/her ability to ensure transparency. By ensuring that the tester is adequately prepared for the test the possibility of incorrect administration procedures will be avoided. The test environment should also be such as provides an atmosphere in which the students can work successfully. As McLoughlin and Lewis (2005) indicate, â€Å"this environment can influence test performance† (p. 90). The test environment should be as comfortable as possible for all students, with good ventilation, adequate and comfortable seating for each student where necessary, adequate space for writing, appropriate lighting, comfortable temperature, minimal external disruptions, minimal distractions such as a view through a window, passersby, other individuals passing freely in and out of the examination room or other visual distractions such as posters. Additionally the examiner has to ensure that all material required for the test are present including material students will need to complete test items. While it is ideal that the test environment is free of all these encumbrances, all these conditions do not have to be satisfied to ensure the validity and reliability of the test. In some instances some aspects of the environment, though they are not at their optimal levels, may not affect students’ performance. However, it is difficult to determine how students’ performance will be affected by the environment and thus the examiner should attempt to ensure that the setting is as close to ideal as possible. The examiner could also exercise discretion during test administration to determine if the location of the exam needs to be changed or the exam discontinued completely because of environment. It is not far fetched that a well-prepared environment becomes inappropriate at some point during the exam. Based on the reaction of the students the examiner could determine if the distractions or disruptions are sufficient enough to affect student performance. These provisions ensure that, as far as possible, no external factors negatively impact student performance and that students are adequately provided with the right tools with which to reap success. Another consideration is the preparation of the students for the test. Students should be adequately informed of the time, date, location and purpose of the test as well as be aware of what exactly is required of them. The time of day is of extreme importance. Researches have been conducted to determine the time of day that will produce the optimal results for students. Recently Hansen, Janssen, Schiff, Zee and Dubocovich (2005) found that students were more vigorous during the evening than in the morning and thus were in a better frame of mind to complete tests. It is difficult, however, for examiners of standardized test to have any impact on the time of administration since often the examining body has a preset time for completion. Another administration consideration is the rapport between the students and the examiner. McLoughlin and Lewis (2005) recommend that the examiner familiarizes him/herself with the students and help them   feel at ease with the examiner. The examiner should also explain the purpose of and orient them towards the test. This includes describing test activities, length and difficulty of the test. The examiner should also inform students of proper exam protocol, informing them how to ask for assistance during the test as well as explain to them any timing signals that may be given. The examiner should encourage students to ask questions about aspects of the test administration that they are uncertain about. Adequate provisions should be made for students to have a break, if possible, during a lengthy test so as to â€Å"ward off fatigue† (McLoughlin Lewis, 2005, p. 99). These practices would ensure that students know what is expected of them before the test begins so that no time is wasted during the test. The procedures for administering informal classroom assessment are much the same. The classroom teacher should ensure that students are adequately prepared for the test, are aware of the test objectives, are given adequate time to complete it and that no unfair assistance is provided to any student. Also the teacher should make sure the environment is conducive to testing with convenient seating and minimal opportunity for cheating. Additionally in administrating certain types of assessment such as observations and interviews, the teacher has to ensure that the objectives to be tested are clearly laid out, with clearly outlined criteria for scoring so that bias is avoided and each student is scored fairly. The use of rating scales, rubrics and checklists help to ensure that assessment is focused and that the correct behaviors are being observed. However at times a teacher may later find that these instruments do not adequately measure all the attributes and that certain key attitudes are not catered for. This is one disadvantage with rating scales and checklists, if a student displays a positive behavior that is not outlined in the rating scale no provision is made for it and the child is disadvantaged. The purpose of assessment is to ensure that each students has an equal chance of performing at their best in the test and thereby demonstrate to the examiner whether or not they possess certain skills, knowledge or attitudes. Therefore once the examiner adopts these administration considerations the possibilities of measurement error are diminished and test administration conditions will have minimal, if any, negative effect, on student outcome. Students will therefore be able to meaningfully demonstrate their knowledge, skills and attitudes to the teacher. References Hansen, M., Janssen, I., Schiff, A., Zee, P. C. Dubocovich, M. L. (2005). The impact of school daily schedule on adolescent sleep. Pediatrics, 115, 1555–1561. McLoughlin, J. A. Lewis, R. B. (2005). Assessing students with special needs. (6th ed.). NJ: Prentice-Hall/Merrill. How to cite Administration considerations for reliable and valid assessments, Papers